A Retrospective Study of Traffic Accident Inpatients in a Korean Medicine Hospital: Correlation of STAI-I, STAI-II, BDI, and CSEI-s scores with Pain Improvement

Article information

J Korean Med. 2021;42(3):72-85

Publication date (electronic) : 2021 September 01

doi : https://doi.org/10.13048/jkm.21026

Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, Chungju Korean Medicine Hospital of Semyung University

Correspondence to: Cham Kyul Lee, Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, Chungju Korean Medicine Hospital of Semyung University 63, Sangbang 4-gil, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea, Tel: +82-043-856-1010, Fax: +82-43-856-1731, E-mail: leetaeho0331@hanmail.net

Received 2021 June 28; Revised 2021 July 24; Accepted 2021 July 28.

Abstract

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation of the scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-I (STAI-I), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-II (STAI-II), Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI), and Core Seven Emotions Inventory-short form (CSEI-s) scales with pain improvement.

Methods

We retrospectively investigated the medical records of 66 traffic accident inpatients who satisfy the selection criteria. They had received Korean medical treatment including acupuncture, electroacupuncture, pharmacopuncture, herbal medicine, and Chuna during hospitalization. STAI-II, BDI, and CSEI-s scores on hospital day 1, and STAI-I and numerical rating scale(NRS) scores on hospital day 1, 4, 7, and 10 were used for analysis. Pain improvement was evaluated by difference in NRS scores between hospital day 1 and hospital day 4, 7, 10.

Results

The STAI-I, BDI, and CSEI-s scores showed significant correlations with pain or pain improvement.

Conclusions

This study may be used in the research on psychological state and pain management of traffic accident patients and for patient education. Large-scale, well-designed studies need to be conducted in future to strengthen the results in this regard.

Keywords: Traffic accidents; STAI; BDI; CSEI-s; Pain improvement; Korean medicine

Fig. 1

Patient recruitment flow chart

Table 1

General characteristics

Table 2

STAI-I, STAI-II, BDI, and CSEI-s scores on hospital day 1

Table 3

NRS scores on hospital day 1

Table 4

The Pearson and Spearman Correlation between STAI-I, STAI-II, BDI, and CSEI-s scores on hospital day 1

Table 6

The Pearson and Spearman Correlation between STAI-I, STAI-II, BDI, and CSEI-s scores on hospital day 1 and changes in NRS scores

Table 7

The Pearson and Spearman Correlation between STAI-I scores on hospital day 4, 7, and 10 and changes in NRS scores

Table 8

The Pearson and Spearman Correlation between changes in STAI-I scores and changes in NRS scores

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Article information Continued

Fig. 1

Patient recruitment flow chart

Table 1

General characteristics

Characteristics		N(%)
Sex	Female	27(40.9)
Sex	Male	39(59.1)

Age	10–19	4(6.1)
	20–29	16(24.2)
	30–39	12(18.2)
	40–49	11(16.7)
	50–59	14(21.2)
	60-	9(13.6)

The time between injury date and hospitalization	1–7 days	57(86.4)
	8–14 days	7(10.6)
	Over 14 days	2(3.0)

Symptom	Neck pain	58(87.9)
	Low back pain	52(78.8)
	Neck pain and Low back pain	44(66.7)

Duration of hospitalization	1–7 days	31(47.0)
	8–14 days	28(42.4)
	Over 14 days	7(10.6)

Table 2

STAI-I, STAI-II, BDI, and CSEI-s scores on hospital day 1

		N	Mean± SD	Median (IQR)
STAI-I		66	48.69±10.36
STAI-II		65		46.50(23)
BDI		58		10.50(15)

CSEI-s	Joy(喜)	62	10.75±3.28
	Anger(怒)	62		7.00(7)
	Depression(憂)	62		8.00(3)
	Thought(思)	62		6.50(7)
	Sorrow (悲)	62		7.50(4)
	Fear(恐)	62		6.00(4)
	Fright(驚)	62		5.50(6)

STAI-I : State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-I, State Anxiety Inventory

STAI-II: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-II, Trait Anxiety Inventory

BDI: Beck Depression Inventory

CSEI-s : The Core Seven Emotions Inventory-short form

Hospital day 1 : the day of hospital arrival

SD : Standard Deviation, IQR : Interquartile Range

Table 3

NRS scores on hospital day 1

	N	Mean± SD	Median(IQR)
NNRS1	58		5.00(2)
LNRS1	52	5.26±2.07

NRS : Numerical Rating Scale

Hospital day 1 : the day of hospital arrival

SD : Standard Deviation, IQR : Interquartile Range

NNRS1 : Neck pain NRS on hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival)

LNRS1 : Low back pain NRS on hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival)

Table 4

The Pearson and Spearman Correlation between STAI-I, STAI-II, BDI, and CSEI-s scores on hospital day 1

		STAI-I	STAI-II	BDI	Joy (喜)	Anger (怒)	Depression (憂)	Thought (思)	Sorrow (悲)	Fear (恐)	Fright (驚)
STAI-I	r	1	.359^**	.534^**	−.221	.331^**	.326^**	.208	.339^**	.215	.261^*
	p		.003	.000	.085	.009	.010	.105	.007	.093	.041
	N	66	65	58	62	62	62	62	62	62	62

STAI-II	r		1	.691^**	-.382^**	.583^**	.659^**	.514^**	.708^**	.599^**	.624^**
	p			.000	.002	.000	.000	.000	.000	.000	.000
	N		65	58	62	62	62	62	62	62	62

BDI	r			1	−.192	.597^**	.478^**	.409^**	.615^**	.469^**	.571^**
	p				.148	.000	.000	.001	.000	.000	.000
	N			58	58	58	58	58	58	58	58

Joy (喜)	r				1	−.168	−.069	−.126	−.090	−.155	−.063
	p					.191	.593	.328	.487	.228	.628
	N				62	62	62	62	62	62	62

Anger (怒)	r					1	.609^**	.340^**	.660^**	.367^**	.362^**
	p						.000	.007	.000	.003	.004
	N					62	62	62	62	62	62

Depression (憂)	r						1	.244	.664^**	.506^**	.456^**
	p							.056	.000	.000	.000
	N						62	62	62	62	62

Thought (思)	r							1	.355^**	.320^*	.329^**
	p								.005	.011	.009
	N							62	62	62	62

Sorrow (悲)	r								1	.546^**	.624^**
	p									.000	.000
	N								62	62	62

Fear (恐)	r									1	.673^**
	p										.000
	N									62	62

Fright (驚)	r										1
	p
	N										62

STAI-I : State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-I, State Anxiety Inventory

STAI-II: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-II, Trait Anxiety Inventory

BDI: Beck Depression Inventory

CSEI-s : The Core Seven Emotions Inventory-short form

Hospital day 1 : the day of hospital arrival

p<0.05,

^**

p<0.01,

r : correlation coefficient, p : p-value

Table 6

The Pearson and Spearman Correlation between STAI-I, STAI-II, BDI, and CSEI-s scores on hospital day 1 and changes in NRS scores

		STAI-I	STAI-II	BDI	Joy (喜)	Anger (怒)	Depression (憂)	Thought (思)	Sorrow (悲)	Fear (恐)	Fright (驚)
NNRS4Diff	r	−.095	.119	.052	.140	.098	.130	.124	.185	.107	.207
	p	.477	.378	.714	.307	.476	.346	.367	.177	.435	.129
	N	58	57	52	55	55	55	55	55	55	55

NNRS7Diff	r	−.395^*	.193	.153	−.052	.029	.075	.078	.131	.274	.206
	p	.012	.239	.381	.760	.863	.660	.645	.441	.101	.221
	N	40	39	35	37	37	37	37	37	37	37

NNRS10Diff	r	−.458^*	.268	.342	−.413	.152	.071	−.071	.087	.168	.043
	p	.042	.267	.152	.079	.534	.773	.772	.723	.492	.862
	N	20	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19	19

LNRS4Diff	r	−.048	.051	.126	−.076	.051	.071	−.236	.197	.276	.043
	p	.737	.722	.402	.680	.729	.631	.106	.180	.058	.773
	N	52	51	46	48	48	48	48	48	48	48

LNRS7Diff	r	−.289	−.022	−.187	−.076	.067	−.269	.135	−.106	−.055	−.182
	p	.092	.902	.314	.680	.714	.137	.462	.564	.766	.320
	N	35	34	31	32	32	32	32	32	32	32

LNRS10Diff	r	−.023	.251	.140	.107	.185	.183	.529^*	.195	.333	.139
	p	.931	.349	.605	.694	.493	.498	.035	.470	.208	.607
	N	17	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16

STAI-I : State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-I, State Anxiety Inventory

STAI-II: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-II, Trait Anxiety Inventory

BDI: Beck Depression Inventory

CSEI-s : The Core Seven Emotions Inventory-short form

Hospital day 1 : the day of hospital arrival

NRS : Numerical Rating Scale

NNRS4Diff : Difference in neck pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 4 (3 days after hospital arrival)

NNRS7Diff : Difference in neck pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 7 (6 days after hospital arrival)

NNRS10Diff : Difference in neck pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 10 (9 days after hospital arrival)

LNRS4Diff : Difference in low back pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 4 (3 days after hospital arrival)

LNRS7Diff : Difference in low back pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 7 (6 days after hospital arrival)

LNRS10Diff : Difference in low back pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 10 (9 days after hospital arrival)

p < 0.05,

^**

p < 0.01,

r : correlation coefficient, p : p-value

Table 7

The Pearson and Spearman Correlation between STAI-I scores on hospital day 4, 7, and 10 and changes in NRS scores

		NNRS4Diff	NNRS7Diff	NNRS10Diff	LNRS4Diff	LNRS7Diff	LNRS10Diff
STAI-I(4)	r	.173	−.284	−.384	−.380^*	−.348	−.137
	p	.293	.143	.142	.022	.082	.627
	N	39	28	16	36	26	15

STAI-I(7)	r		−.115	−.270		−.112	−.055
	p	N/A	.631	.351	N/A	.692	.865
	N		20	14		15	12

STAI-I(10)	r			.107			.082
	p	N/A	N/A	.784	N/A	N/A	.834
	N			9			9

STAI-I : State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-I, State Anxiety Inventory

Hospital day 4, 7, and 10 : 3, 6, 9 days after hospital arrival, respectively

NRS : Numerical Rating Scale

NNRS4Diff : Difference in neck pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 4 (3 days after hospital arrival)

NNRS7Diff : Difference in neck pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 7 (6 days after hospital arrival)

NNRS10Diff : Difference in neck pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 10 (9 days after hospital arrival)

LNRS4Diff : Difference in low back pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 4 (3 days after hospital arrival)

LNRS7Diff : Difference in low back pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 7 (6 days after hospital arrival)

LNRS10Diff : Difference in low back pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 10 (9 days after hospital arrival)

STAI-I(4) : STAI-I of hospital day 4 (3 days after hospital arrival)

STAI-I(7) : STAI-I of hospital day 7 (6 days after hospital arrival)

STAI-I(10) : STAI-I of hospital day 10 (9 days after hospital arrival)

p<0.05,

^**

p<0.01,

r : correlation coefficient, p : p-value, N/A : not applicable

Table 8

The Pearson and Spearman Correlation between changes in STAI-I scores and changes in NRS scores

		NNRS4Diff	NNRS7Diff	NNRS10Diff	LNRS4Diff	LNRS7Diff	LNRS10Diff
STAI4Diff	r	−.029	−.059	−.201	.279	.133	.132
	p	.859	.764	.456	.099	.517	.639
	N	39	28	16	36	26	15
STAI7Diff	r		−.380	−.173		.100	.084
	p	N/A	.098	.554	N/A	.723	.795
	N		20	14		15	12
STAI10Diff	r			−.515			.254
	p	N/A	N.A	.156	N/A	N/A	.509
	N			9			9

STAI-I : State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-I, State Anxiety Inventory

NRS : Numerical Rating Scale

NNRS4Diff : Difference in neck pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 4 (3 days after hospital arrival)

NNRS7Diff : Difference in neck pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 7 (6 days after hospital arrival)

NNRS10Diff : Difference in neck pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 10 (9 days after hospital arrival)

LNRS4Diff : Difference in low back pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 4 (3 days after hospital arrival)

LNRS7Diff : Difference in low back pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 7 (6 days after hospital arrival)

LNRS10Diff : Difference in low back pain NRS between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 10 (9 days after hospital arrival)

STAI4Diff : Difference in STAI-I between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 4 (3 days after hospital arrival)

STAI7Diff : Difference in STAI-I between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 7 (6 days after hospital arrival)

STAI10Diff : Difference in STAI-I between hospital day 1 (the day of hospital arrival) and day 10 (9 days after hospital arrival)

p<0.05,

^**

p<0.01,

r : correlation coefficient, p : p-value, N/A : not applicable