The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance Measured at Twelve Source Points: A Cross-Over Study

Article information

J Korean Med. 2015;36(3):35-52

doi : https://doi.org/10.13048/jkm.15018

Yang-Seob Kim ¹, Young-Chun Park ¹, Yun-Kyoung Yim ¹^,

¹Department of Meridian & Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University

Correspondence to: 임윤경(Yun-Kyoung Yim), 대전 동구 용운동 96-3 12407호, Tel: +82-42-280-2610, Fax: +82-42-280-2647, E-mail: docwindy@dju.kr

Received 2015 August 13; Revised 2015 September 25; Accepted 2015 September 25.

Abstract

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking on the skin bio-electrical capacitance at twelve source points.

Methods:

Twenty healthy male subjects were assigned to smoking and sham-smoking by a random cross-over design. Skin bio-electrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points for 10 minutes before and after smoking. The change of skin bio-electrical capacitance was analysed.

Results:

1. The skin bio-electrical capacitance at LU9, PC7 and LR3 was significantly increased after smoking. 2. In the smoking group, the skin bio-electrical capacitance at the source points of Hand Yin meridians significantly increased compared to that of Foot Yin and Hand Yang meridians.

Conclusions:

Smoking significantly increased the skin bio-electrical capacitance at the source points of Lung, Pericardium and Liver meridians. Hand Yin meridians appear to be more vulnerable to smoking than other meridians.

Keywords: Bio-electrical Capacitance; Source points; Smoking; Meridian

Fig. 1.

Bio-electrical capacitance measurement system

Fig. 2.

Experimental protocol

Fig. 3.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at LU9

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left LU9 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

*: P < 0.05 vs Sham-Smoking by Mann-Whitney U test

Fig. 4.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at LI4

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left LI4 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 5.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at ST42

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left ST42 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 6.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at SP3

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left SP3 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 7.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at HT7

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left HT7 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 8.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at SI4

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left SI4 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 9.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at BL64

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left BL64 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 10.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at KI3

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left KI3 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 11.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at PC7

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left PC7 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

*: P < 0.05 vs Sham-Smoking by Mann-Whitney U test

Fig. 12.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at TE4

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left TE4 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 13.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at GB40

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left GB40 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 14.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at LR3

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left LR3 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

*: P < 0.05 vs Sham-Smoking by Mann-Whitney U test

Fig. 15.

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points of Smoking group

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points and the change of bioelectrical capacitance of smoking group was compared between hand & foot, Yin & Yang source points.

Fig. 16.

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points of Sham-smoking group

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points and the change of bioelectrical capacitance of sham-smoking group was compared between hand & foot, Yin & Yang source points.

Fig. 17.

Bio-potential Change of Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points of Smoking and Sham-smoking groups

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points in the smoking and the sham-smoking groups. The changes of bioelectrical capacitance of source points with same Yin & Yang property and hand & foot location, showed similar patterns.

Table 1.

Characteristics of Subjects

Table 2.

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between the Smoking and the Sham-Smoking groups at Twelve Source Points

Table 3.

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points

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Article information Continued

Fig. 1.

Bio-electrical capacitance measurement system

Fig. 3.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at LU9

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left LU9 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

*: P < 0.05 vs Sham-Smoking by Mann-Whitney U test

Fig. 4.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at LI4

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left LI4 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 5.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at ST42

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left ST42 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 6.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at SP3

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left SP3 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 7.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at HT7

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left HT7 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 8.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at SI4

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left SI4 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 9.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at BL64

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left BL64 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 10.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at KI3

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left KI3 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 11.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at PC7

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left PC7 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

*: P < 0.05 vs Sham-Smoking by Mann-Whitney U test

Fig. 12.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at TE4

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left TE4 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 13.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at GB40

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left GB40 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 14.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at LR3

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left LR3 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

*: P < 0.05 vs Sham-Smoking by Mann-Whitney U test

Fig. 15.

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points of Smoking group

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points and the change of bioelectrical capacitance of smoking group was compared between hand & foot, Yin & Yang source points.

Fig. 16.

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points of Sham-smoking group

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points and the change of bioelectrical capacitance of sham-smoking group was compared between hand & foot, Yin & Yang source points.

Fig. 17.

Bio-potential Change of Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points of Smoking and Sham-smoking groups

Table 1.

Characteristics of Subjects

	Mean ± SD
Age(year)	23.65 ± 3.72
Height(cm)	174.68 ± 5.86
Weight(kg)	71.19 ± 7.55
BMI(kg/m²)	23.35 ± 2.57
Body Temperature(°C)	36.28 ± 0.62
Systolic Blood Pressure(mmHg)	128.78 ± 13.77
Diastolic Blood Pressure(mmHg)	77.22 ± 10.33
Time after urination(h)	1.35 ± 1.78

Table 2.

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between the Smoking and the Sham-Smoking groups at Twelve Source Points

Source Point	P value (Smoking vs Sham-Smoking)
LU9	0.034*
LI4	0.351
ST42	0.053
SP3	0.577
HT7	0.182
SI4	0.409
BL64	0.231
KI3	0.122
PC7	0.043*
TE4	0.532
GB40	0.082
LR3	0.025*

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points and the change of bioelectrical capacitance was compared between the smoking group and the sham-smoking group.

^*:

P < 0.05 by Repeated measures ANOVA

Table 3.

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points

Source Points	P value

	Smoking group		Sham-smoking group
Hand Yang vs	Hand Yin	0.020*	0.733
	Foot Yang	0.369	0.846
	Foot Yin	0.758	0.574

Hand Yin vs	Hand Yang	0.020*	0.733
	Foot Yang	0.153	0.593
	Foot Yin	0.044*	0.367

Foot Yang vs	Hand Yang	0.369	0.846
	Hand Yin	0.153	0.593
	Foot Yin	0.555	0.713

Foot Yin vs	Hand Yang	0.758	0.574
	Hand Yin	0.044*	0.367
	Foot Yang	0.555	0.713

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points and the change of bioelectrical capacitance was compared between hand & foot, Yin & Yang source points.

^*:

P < 0.05 by Repeated measures ANOVA